1 00:00:02,352 --> 00:00:07,918 This programme contains some strong language. 2 00:00:07,953 --> 00:00:13,113 The impetus to move West and blast all that open and be free, 3 00:00:13,148 --> 00:00:16,673 being in that gorgeous state of California. 4 00:00:19,073 --> 00:00:23,673 You smoked a big one, took the shrink-wrap off, put the record on the record player 5 00:00:23,708 --> 00:00:25,672 and you were gone. 6 00:00:28,673 --> 00:00:31,877 There were things that we all felt were right 7 00:00:31,912 --> 00:00:36,192 and the truth is, I don't think we were wrong about hardly any of them. 8 00:00:37,952 --> 00:00:43,073 I had to watch the fights, the egos, the drugs, the alcohol, 9 00:00:43,108 --> 00:00:48,153 the...the...paranoia that came along with all of that. 10 00:00:48,188 --> 00:00:50,152 And it scared me. 11 00:00:54,752 --> 00:00:58,272 10 million girls and 2,000 bumps down the line, 12 00:00:58,307 --> 00:01:00,792 you don't know who you are any more. 13 00:01:04,553 --> 00:01:09,152 What's happening in the process, which I served gladly, 14 00:01:09,187 --> 00:01:11,552 is the corporatisation of rock. 15 00:01:14,712 --> 00:01:17,317 We just... 16 00:01:17,352 --> 00:01:19,833 took it to the bank. 17 00:01:20,313 --> 00:01:23,372 18 00:01:23,407 --> 00:01:26,397 19 00:01:26,432 --> 00:01:32,112 In 1965, Manhattan and London monopolised the music business. 20 00:01:32,147 --> 00:01:35,993 A decade later, for musicians and moguls alike, 21 00:01:36,028 --> 00:01:38,437 there was only one place to be, 22 00:01:38,472 --> 00:01:41,913 and it wasn't rain-soaked England or uptight New York. 23 00:01:43,032 --> 00:01:47,033 This is the story of how a small community of singer-songwriters, 24 00:01:47,068 --> 00:01:51,230 exiled in a rustic paradise at the heart of the metropolis, 25 00:01:51,265 --> 00:01:55,393 transformed Los Angeles into the music capital of the world. 26 00:01:55,428 --> 00:01:59,197 or this could be hell... 27 00:01:59,232 --> 00:02:02,717 It's a tale of artistic brilliance and decadent decline, 28 00:02:02,752 --> 00:02:08,352 of how a bunch of hippies gave rise to the biggest-selling record of all time, 29 00:02:08,387 --> 00:02:12,432 of the birth of corporate rock music and the death of a dream. 30 00:02:12,467 --> 00:02:16,073 31 00:02:18,873 --> 00:02:21,353 What a nice surprise 32 00:02:21,388 --> 00:02:24,833 33 00:02:46,432 --> 00:02:49,232 At 3am on 18th August 1969... 34 00:02:51,152 --> 00:02:56,153 ..a new group from Los Angeles took the stage at the Woodstock music festival. 35 00:02:56,188 --> 00:02:57,673 Thank you. 36 00:02:59,393 --> 00:03:01,792 They faced an audience of several hundred thousand 37 00:03:01,827 --> 00:03:04,997 and a cross-section of their musical heroes. 38 00:03:05,032 --> 00:03:11,033 This is the second time we've ever played in front of people, man. We're scared shitless. 39 00:03:14,112 --> 00:03:18,592 There's that remark by Stephen, "This is our second gig and we're scared shitless." 40 00:03:18,627 --> 00:03:20,238 I mean, he was right. 41 00:03:20,273 --> 00:03:23,352 We'd played a couple of nights before in Chicago 42 00:03:23,387 --> 00:03:25,078 and that was our second gig. 43 00:03:25,113 --> 00:03:28,872 Everybody that we really thought was good was there. 44 00:03:28,907 --> 00:03:32,153 Hendrix, Airplane, Grateful Dead, the Band. 45 00:03:32,188 --> 00:03:33,918 The Band. 46 00:03:33,953 --> 00:03:36,277 Did I mention...the Band? 47 00:03:36,312 --> 00:03:40,193 Uh...all standing around right behind us. 48 00:03:43,393 --> 00:03:45,192 "OK, the record was OK. Come on, show us." 49 00:03:48,953 --> 00:03:52,632 We knew who we were and what we could do, but nobody else did. 50 00:03:53,913 --> 00:03:57,652 51 00:03:57,687 --> 00:04:01,392 52 00:04:02,873 --> 00:04:05,832 53 00:04:07,393 --> 00:04:09,358 54 00:04:09,393 --> 00:04:13,632 55 00:04:14,393 --> 00:04:18,798 56 00:04:18,833 --> 00:04:21,552 Woodstock marked the collective climax of the hippy dream 57 00:04:21,587 --> 00:04:23,838 and Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, 58 00:04:23,873 --> 00:04:28,632 along with their friend Joni Mitchell and manager David Geffen, 59 00:04:28,667 --> 00:04:32,232 were the alternative generation's hip new disciples. 60 00:04:38,873 --> 00:04:42,358 61 00:04:42,393 --> 00:04:46,638 and... 62 00:04:46,673 --> 00:04:51,713 We arrive at LaGuardia airport and the New York Times says, "400,000 people sitting in mud," 63 00:04:51,748 --> 00:04:53,873 and I said, "Forget it, I'm not going." 64 00:04:53,908 --> 00:04:57,998 65 00:04:58,033 --> 00:05:03,392 Joni and I stayed in New York at my apartment, where she wrote the song Woodstock. 66 00:05:03,427 --> 00:05:07,032 67 00:05:07,067 --> 00:05:12,190 68 00:05:12,225 --> 00:05:17,313 David Crosby, Stephen Stills, 69 00:05:17,348 --> 00:05:19,770 Graham Nash, Neil Young, 70 00:05:19,805 --> 00:05:22,193 David Geffen, Joni Mitchell. 71 00:05:23,633 --> 00:05:26,558 Six rising stars of the counterculture 72 00:05:26,593 --> 00:05:31,473 who came together in a city where ambition and idealism went hand in hand 73 00:05:31,508 --> 00:05:34,632 and helped put Los Angeles on the musical map. 74 00:05:45,472 --> 00:05:48,672 That man on the end is Jim McGuinn. 75 00:05:48,707 --> 00:05:51,837 The one playing bass is Chris Hillman. 76 00:05:51,872 --> 00:05:55,237 The one playing the drums is Michael Clarke. 77 00:05:55,272 --> 00:06:00,633 And I'm David Crosby and, when we are together, uh, they call us the Byrds. 78 00:06:00,668 --> 00:06:03,392 MUSIC: "Mr Tambourine Man" by the Byrds 79 00:06:05,232 --> 00:06:07,878 You'd be driving down Sunset Strip in your car 80 00:06:07,913 --> 00:06:11,033 and you'd hear the beginning notes of that and think, "Wow!" 81 00:06:11,068 --> 00:06:12,712 It'd just be such a rush. 82 00:06:14,513 --> 00:06:16,872 The quintessential folk-rock music. 83 00:06:17,753 --> 00:06:21,173 84 00:06:21,208 --> 00:06:24,558 85 00:06:24,593 --> 00:06:31,592 no place I'm going to... 86 00:06:32,592 --> 00:06:36,873 In May 1965, the Byrds, a Los Angeles beat group, 87 00:06:36,908 --> 00:06:39,517 released Mr Tambourine Man, 88 00:06:39,552 --> 00:06:44,072 a song written by the definitive hero of '60s folk. 89 00:06:44,107 --> 00:06:48,353 90 00:06:48,792 --> 00:06:53,152 The convincing case, the QED for the singer-songwriter... 91 00:06:55,152 --> 00:06:56,838 ..was Bob Dylan. 92 00:06:56,873 --> 00:07:01,832 Would you say that the words were more important than the music? 93 00:07:02,232 --> 00:07:04,037 Uh... 94 00:07:04,072 --> 00:07:07,232 the words are just as important as the music. 95 00:07:07,992 --> 00:07:10,638 There would be no music without the words. 96 00:07:10,673 --> 00:07:14,673 I got turned on to the Byrds because...I was a Dylan fan. 97 00:07:14,708 --> 00:07:18,877 And the music was important all of a sudden. 98 00:07:18,912 --> 00:07:23,873 Music was saying something, something that might move you, might change you, might change the world, 99 00:07:23,908 --> 00:07:26,158 might...push buttons. 100 00:07:26,193 --> 00:07:30,953 And there was a sense that something very important was going on. 101 00:07:30,988 --> 00:07:34,553 The Byrds transformed Dylan's acoustic folk ballad 102 00:07:34,588 --> 00:07:37,158 into a number-one pop single, 103 00:07:37,193 --> 00:07:40,813 directly inspired by another revolutionary team of songwriters. 104 00:07:40,848 --> 00:07:44,433 George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. 105 00:07:44,468 --> 00:07:47,472 We just were in awe of them. 106 00:07:47,507 --> 00:07:49,153 They were SO good. 107 00:07:50,393 --> 00:07:54,752 They'd put out a song like Paperback Writer and I'd wanna just give up 108 00:07:54,787 --> 00:07:57,838 cos I could never do that, I could never get close. 109 00:07:57,873 --> 00:08:02,873 Probably the thing that John and I will do will be write songs, 110 00:08:02,908 --> 00:08:05,393 as we have been doing as a sideline now. 111 00:08:05,428 --> 00:08:07,357 We'll probably develop that more. 112 00:08:07,392 --> 00:08:11,758 You could be an artist who did songs that were written for you 113 00:08:11,793 --> 00:08:16,153 but you really wanted to be the kind of artist that the Beatles were 114 00:08:16,188 --> 00:08:19,793 because they wrote all their stuff and you could - ha-ha! - 115 00:08:19,828 --> 00:08:22,632 you could really express yourself if you could do it. 116 00:08:25,352 --> 00:08:27,678 Everyone was so thrilled, 117 00:08:27,713 --> 00:08:32,358 and nobody was thrilled about folk music at all. 118 00:08:32,393 --> 00:08:36,753 It was as if it didn't exist, and pretty soon it didn't. 119 00:08:42,392 --> 00:08:46,132 For a generation schooled in the folk tradition of the East Coast, 120 00:08:46,167 --> 00:08:49,838 the Byrds' artistically credible but commercially successful pop 121 00:08:49,873 --> 00:08:54,792 opened up a whole new world in which the singer-songwriter reigned supreme. 122 00:08:54,827 --> 00:08:58,489 Musical life in Los Angeles would never be the same again 123 00:08:58,524 --> 00:09:02,152 and a small stretch of Hollywood became the only place to be. 124 00:09:02,187 --> 00:09:04,512 a rock'n'roll star 125 00:09:04,547 --> 00:09:08,073 126 00:09:09,912 --> 00:09:11,437 127 00:09:11,472 --> 00:09:14,752 how to play... 128 00:09:14,787 --> 00:09:17,998 The Sunset Strip is just this bizarre anomaly, 129 00:09:18,033 --> 00:09:22,472 physically part of the city but politically unincorporated, 130 00:09:22,507 --> 00:09:26,912 and from the '30s and '50s, essentially governed by the Mob. 131 00:09:26,947 --> 00:09:28,878 By the early '60s, the Strip was in decline 132 00:09:28,913 --> 00:09:33,558 and so what happened is that the folk-rock scene inherited 133 00:09:33,593 --> 00:09:38,557 what was the ruins of the glamorous Strip of the 1930s and '40s. 134 00:09:38,592 --> 00:09:43,752 The place where the musicians and songwriters felt they could be most in touch with 135 00:09:43,787 --> 00:09:47,352 the kids who represented the shape of things to come. 136 00:09:54,232 --> 00:09:57,877 All these kids would come, and they'd be underage kids, 137 00:09:57,912 --> 00:10:01,872 wearing bell-bottoms and beads and flowers and all that stuff. 138 00:10:01,907 --> 00:10:05,832 There was this flowering of feeling and reverence for life, 139 00:10:05,867 --> 00:10:07,877 like a carnival midway. 140 00:10:07,912 --> 00:10:10,833 And so the music scene was happening right in the middle of all of that. 141 00:10:13,313 --> 00:10:16,478 There was a magical quality to it. 142 00:10:16,513 --> 00:10:21,513 We suddenly found ourselves in the centre of a vortex. 143 00:10:23,112 --> 00:10:25,798 Somehow, music became 144 00:10:25,833 --> 00:10:28,593 a medium for an entire generation. 145 00:10:33,392 --> 00:10:35,592 You know, they're shooting this for television. 146 00:10:35,627 --> 00:10:37,758 I'm sure that they'll edit this out. 147 00:10:37,793 --> 00:10:40,958 I want to say it anyway, even though they WILL edit it out. 148 00:10:40,993 --> 00:10:45,317 When President Kennedy was killed, he was not killed by one man. 149 00:10:45,352 --> 00:10:49,593 He was shot from a number of different directions by different guns. 150 00:10:49,628 --> 00:10:53,712 The story has been suppressed. Witnesses have been killed. 151 00:10:53,747 --> 00:10:57,912 And this is your country, ladies and gentlemen. 152 00:10:58,992 --> 00:11:04,953 Nobody articulated the values of the Sunset Strip's burgeoning counterculture 153 00:11:04,988 --> 00:11:08,690 with as much swagger as the Byrds' David Crosby. 154 00:11:08,725 --> 00:11:12,358 David was the mouthpiece for our generation. 155 00:11:12,393 --> 00:11:16,632 In Rolling Stone, he was the one who had the mouth - he was speaking out 156 00:11:16,667 --> 00:11:19,358 and saying stuff, politically speaking. 157 00:11:19,393 --> 00:11:23,193 I certainly wasn't anybody's guru, man. I'm not smart enough. 158 00:11:23,228 --> 00:11:24,712 Are...and you... 159 00:11:26,352 --> 00:11:28,398 ..I was certainly outrageous. 160 00:11:28,433 --> 00:11:31,833 I probably helped tilt it towards outrageousness. 161 00:11:32,633 --> 00:11:35,638 So outrageous and so outspoken 162 00:11:35,673 --> 00:11:42,353 that it was no surprise when David Crosby was kicked out of the Byrds in 1967 163 00:11:42,388 --> 00:11:45,150 and began to look for a new band. 164 00:11:45,185 --> 00:11:47,888 I like eclectic music, you know. 165 00:11:47,923 --> 00:11:50,557 I like things that have roots. 166 00:11:50,592 --> 00:11:54,052 in the wee, wee hours 167 00:11:54,087 --> 00:11:57,512 cos of drizzling showers 168 00:11:58,392 --> 00:12:01,532 He come movin' up with me 169 00:12:01,567 --> 00:12:04,637 to some little old souped-up... 170 00:12:04,672 --> 00:12:10,273 When my group was playing in New York, we played at a jazz club and we sang four-part harmony. 171 00:12:10,308 --> 00:12:14,952 And we discovered him down the block playing in a little coffee house. 172 00:12:15,513 --> 00:12:18,713 I'd become airborne... 173 00:12:18,748 --> 00:12:22,030 Wow! This young guy with the guitar is really neat. 174 00:12:22,065 --> 00:12:25,313 My group moved to LA 175 00:12:25,348 --> 00:12:28,278 and, soon after, Stephen moved to LA. 176 00:12:28,313 --> 00:12:32,873 He'd stand at the edge of the stage and watch us singing and he loved the harmonies. 177 00:12:32,908 --> 00:12:36,473 No, baby 178 00:12:36,508 --> 00:12:38,272 179 00:12:39,552 --> 00:12:44,672 I'm gone like a cool breeze. 180 00:12:53,472 --> 00:12:57,758 In 1965, Stephen Stills, a folk-singer from Texas, 181 00:12:57,793 --> 00:13:02,397 joined the musical exodus from Greenwich Village to Sunset Strip. 182 00:13:02,432 --> 00:13:07,072 The following year, another precocious songwriter from Canada arrived, 183 00:13:07,107 --> 00:13:09,953 chasing sunshine and stardom in LA. 184 00:13:11,472 --> 00:13:13,672 Everybody having a good time, or what? 185 00:13:16,752 --> 00:13:22,273 and buy a pickup 186 00:13:24,072 --> 00:13:28,072 187 00:13:31,072 --> 00:13:36,393 and try to fix up 188 00:13:37,633 --> 00:13:41,913 189 00:13:43,953 --> 00:13:48,832 I was sitting on the trunk of my car and he saw me and he pulled in 190 00:13:48,867 --> 00:13:50,277 duck, is... 191 00:13:50,312 --> 00:13:53,878 "How are you, man?" And he dug out his guitar 192 00:13:53,913 --> 00:13:58,073 and sang me four or five of the best songs I'd ever heard in my life. 193 00:13:58,108 --> 00:14:01,390 194 00:14:01,425 --> 00:14:04,673 195 00:14:05,712 --> 00:14:10,477 196 00:14:10,512 --> 00:14:13,113 If he'd been a girl, I would have kissed him! 197 00:14:13,148 --> 00:14:18,833 His power as a songwriter is undeniable. 198 00:14:18,868 --> 00:14:22,673 199 00:14:27,113 --> 00:14:31,397 In April 1966, Neil Young and Stephen Stills 200 00:14:31,432 --> 00:14:35,197 came head to head in a traffic jam on Sunset Strip. 201 00:14:35,232 --> 00:14:40,072 Well, we, er...came to Los Angeles in an old hearse to, er...start... 202 00:14:40,107 --> 00:14:43,632 to try and make the stars - you know, we're gonna be stars. 203 00:14:43,667 --> 00:14:45,958 So, er...we were just about to leave 204 00:14:45,993 --> 00:14:49,797 and I saw him in a van going the other way on Sunset 205 00:14:49,832 --> 00:14:53,672 and he stopped and we stopped and we all stopped and then we started. 206 00:14:56,872 --> 00:15:00,432 Stephen Stills had found the band that he'd always wanted. 207 00:15:01,633 --> 00:15:05,998 about no hot, dusty roads... 208 00:15:06,033 --> 00:15:11,073 They were widening the street on Franklin - a street in Hollywood. I went outside 209 00:15:11,108 --> 00:15:14,570 and they were all arguing about what to call the group. 210 00:15:14,605 --> 00:15:18,032 And on a bulldozer, I saw the words "Buffalo Springfield". 211 00:15:21,113 --> 00:15:26,152 Buffalo Springfield represented a hip, new wave of musical emigres - 212 00:15:26,187 --> 00:15:29,449 more a collective of mutually ambitious individuals 213 00:15:29,484 --> 00:15:32,677 than the uniform pop groups that preceded them. 214 00:15:32,712 --> 00:15:38,592 Er...my name is Neil Young... Neil. How do you do?..lead guitar player. How do you do? This is Richie Furay. 215 00:15:38,627 --> 00:15:43,912 Big Dewey Martin - Buffalo Dew. Hello, Dewey. 216 00:15:43,947 --> 00:15:46,632 Bruce Palmer from Toronto, Canada. OK. 217 00:15:46,667 --> 00:15:50,249 Steve Stills from New Orleans. 218 00:15:50,284 --> 00:15:53,832 219 00:15:55,952 --> 00:16:00,192 Buffalo Springfield brought a new musical momentum to the Sunset Strip. 220 00:16:00,227 --> 00:16:04,433 And when their audience provoked the city's reactionary establishment, 221 00:16:04,468 --> 00:16:08,433 their response was a pop protest that, like LA, 222 00:16:08,468 --> 00:16:10,113 was both cool and commercial. 223 00:16:15,273 --> 00:16:19,352 Los Angeles was the scene of one of great culture wars in US history. 224 00:16:19,387 --> 00:16:22,969 They want everybody to do the same thing and live their own life. 225 00:16:23,004 --> 00:16:26,552 They want you to grow up, get an education, raise children and die. 226 00:16:26,587 --> 00:16:31,237 From the coming of Hollywood, with its sinful lifestyles, 227 00:16:31,272 --> 00:16:37,273 into a city into which a million pious, Protestant mid-Westerners had moved during the 1920s... 228 00:16:37,308 --> 00:16:41,273 Because you don't have a job because you don't have a direction, 229 00:16:41,308 --> 00:16:44,878 you're not a part of the super-society called "America". 230 00:16:44,913 --> 00:16:48,912 And in a sense, the battle of the Sunset Strip in the late '60s 231 00:16:48,947 --> 00:16:52,278 was the last battle in this 40-or-50-year-long clash 232 00:16:52,313 --> 00:16:58,752 between Hollywood Babylon on one hand and the kind of main-street puritanism on the other. 233 00:16:58,787 --> 00:17:01,877 Why do they think they can put down on our music? 234 00:17:01,912 --> 00:17:06,432 They say it's bad. They say it's noise - "Turn down the noise." 235 00:17:06,467 --> 00:17:09,233 But do they ever listen to the words? 236 00:17:09,268 --> 00:17:12,233 237 00:17:13,593 --> 00:17:17,192 238 00:17:18,312 --> 00:17:22,492 239 00:17:22,527 --> 00:17:26,673 240 00:17:28,872 --> 00:17:32,273 In the daytime, Sunset Strip had all these posh clothing stores. 241 00:17:32,308 --> 00:17:35,912 Those people didn't like the kids hanging out at night. 242 00:17:35,947 --> 00:17:38,837 And so, pretty soon, the police would come down. 243 00:17:38,872 --> 00:17:45,393 They'd park a big bus in the middle of the Strip and take everyone that was underage on the bus to jail. 244 00:17:48,432 --> 00:17:53,712 Pulling these beautiful young girls and throwing them on the bus. 245 00:17:53,747 --> 00:17:57,513 What is that about? You know. Everybody... "That's crazy! 246 00:17:57,548 --> 00:17:59,997 "It's the man. It's the pigs. 247 00:18:00,032 --> 00:18:04,553 "It's the other side. It's the same people that are trying to send us to war. 248 00:18:04,588 --> 00:18:07,872 "It's the older generation that doesn't know what life is about." 249 00:18:07,907 --> 00:18:09,598 250 00:18:09,633 --> 00:18:12,993 They were worried about the counterculture. 251 00:18:13,028 --> 00:18:15,873 252 00:18:15,908 --> 00:18:18,397 Godless communism. 253 00:18:18,432 --> 00:18:20,433 their minds... 254 00:18:20,468 --> 00:18:22,517 Corruption of youth. 255 00:18:22,552 --> 00:18:25,637 Drugs. 256 00:18:25,672 --> 00:18:30,838 Hey! What's that sound...? 257 00:18:30,873 --> 00:18:36,072 He's communicating with his peers and the cop says, "You can't do it. Get off the street!" 258 00:18:36,107 --> 00:18:39,329 259 00:18:39,364 --> 00:18:42,517 260 00:18:42,552 --> 00:18:46,412 The Sunset Strip riots provided the perfect showcase 261 00:18:46,447 --> 00:18:50,272 for Buffalo Springfield's socially conscious folk rock - 262 00:18:50,307 --> 00:18:52,477 a distinctive sound 263 00:18:52,512 --> 00:18:56,392 that was sending shockwaves through LA's new musical establishment. 264 00:18:56,427 --> 00:18:58,877 265 00:18:58,912 --> 00:19:01,918 what's going down... 266 00:19:01,953 --> 00:19:06,433 I saw dollar signs. I thought, "These guys will do something great!" 267 00:19:06,468 --> 00:19:09,397 268 00:19:09,432 --> 00:19:11,398 There was sort of a whole marketplace. 269 00:19:11,433 --> 00:19:17,393 These guys were doing something purely unique and wonderful 270 00:19:17,428 --> 00:19:18,917 that I really loved. 271 00:19:18,952 --> 00:19:21,398 That was it. It was like the moment of truth! 272 00:19:21,433 --> 00:19:25,638 Whether or not any one group could hold that much talent... 273 00:19:25,673 --> 00:19:31,632 Don't forget, in Buffalo Springfield, on top of Neil and Stephen you had Richie Furay and Jim Messina 274 00:19:31,667 --> 00:19:33,273 and, er... 275 00:19:35,392 --> 00:19:36,037 It was... 276 00:19:36,072 --> 00:19:39,392 It was explosive! 277 00:19:41,232 --> 00:19:44,918 Despite producing three albums and a hit single, 278 00:19:44,953 --> 00:19:48,992 a combination of incompatible egos and bad management 279 00:19:49,027 --> 00:19:52,072 made Buffalo Springfield's demise inevitable. 280 00:19:53,192 --> 00:19:54,958 And by 1968, 281 00:19:54,993 --> 00:19:59,993 Stephen Stills and Neil Young were once again solo artists. 282 00:20:02,832 --> 00:20:06,192 If you're political, I guess it means a political revolution 283 00:20:06,227 --> 00:20:09,558 and, to some people, it's a spiritual revolution. 284 00:20:09,593 --> 00:20:13,913 I like to believe that maybe people are getting more together. 285 00:20:18,553 --> 00:20:24,037 from both sides now... 286 00:20:24,072 --> 00:20:28,512 When Judy Collins sang, "I've looked at life from both sides now..." 287 00:20:29,592 --> 00:20:32,832 I recall... 288 00:20:32,867 --> 00:20:34,557 "Clouds' illusions". 289 00:20:34,592 --> 00:20:40,113 We'd never used words like that, and so we discover a new songwriter 290 00:20:40,148 --> 00:20:41,917 named Joni Mitchell. 291 00:20:41,952 --> 00:20:46,393 292 00:20:46,428 --> 00:20:51,150 293 00:20:51,185 --> 00:20:55,873 294 00:20:56,232 --> 00:21:00,072 295 00:21:01,272 --> 00:21:04,398 By 1967, 296 00:21:04,433 --> 00:21:07,473 Joni Mitchell, a Canadian folk singer based in New York, 297 00:21:07,508 --> 00:21:11,398 had already found success as a writer. 298 00:21:11,433 --> 00:21:16,313 But a chance meeting with David Crosby, following his unceremonious exit from the Byrds, 299 00:21:16,348 --> 00:21:18,437 would draw her west to LA. 300 00:21:18,472 --> 00:21:23,832 from both sides now... 301 00:21:23,867 --> 00:21:26,433 Walked in to a coffee house in Florida. 302 00:21:26,468 --> 00:21:28,232 She was singing. 303 00:21:31,833 --> 00:21:34,158 My heart nearly stopped. 304 00:21:34,193 --> 00:21:36,918 305 00:21:36,953 --> 00:21:40,918 I'd never heard anybody play like her, anybody sing like her. 306 00:21:40,953 --> 00:21:45,432 I most especially had never heard anybody write like her, and I still haven't. 307 00:21:45,467 --> 00:21:47,952 For about a year after that, we... 308 00:21:49,113 --> 00:21:51,393 ..stayed together. It was good. 309 00:21:57,632 --> 00:22:00,332 David Crosby had been thrown out of the Byrds 310 00:22:00,367 --> 00:22:02,998 and hadn't found Crosby, Stills And Nash yet, 311 00:22:03,033 --> 00:22:06,878 so he was bumming around town in a VW bus with a Porsche engine. 312 00:22:06,913 --> 00:22:11,193 And one night, David says, "Come on up to the house and we'll get high." 313 00:22:11,228 --> 00:22:13,158 He always had the best dope. 314 00:22:13,193 --> 00:22:17,412 It was like being invited for a wine tasting at Baron Rothschild's. 315 00:22:17,447 --> 00:22:21,632 About three or four in the morning, we're pretty wasted and David said, 316 00:22:21,667 --> 00:22:25,449 "Oh, there's someone I want you to hear..." 317 00:22:25,484 --> 00:22:29,197 ..and comes back downstairs 318 00:22:29,232 --> 00:22:32,592 with Joni Mitchell - live, with a big guitar. 319 00:22:32,627 --> 00:22:34,512 320 00:22:35,193 --> 00:22:36,877 321 00:22:36,912 --> 00:22:40,632 322 00:22:41,832 --> 00:22:44,878 323 00:22:44,913 --> 00:22:48,798 324 00:22:48,833 --> 00:22:52,638 She played songs that hadn't even been recorded yet. 325 00:22:52,673 --> 00:22:56,112 Nobody had heard that music. Nobody had heard that voice. 326 00:22:56,147 --> 00:22:58,918 For us, it was like a hallucination. 327 00:22:58,953 --> 00:23:02,832 But by the time Crosby had finished producing her first album, 328 00:23:02,867 --> 00:23:06,157 everybody in LA knew about Joni Mitchell. 329 00:23:06,192 --> 00:23:10,597 I did not do a very good job of producing her record. 330 00:23:10,632 --> 00:23:15,912 But I did do one wonderful thing, which was keep everybody else off it. 331 00:23:15,947 --> 00:23:17,558 THAT'S a good thing. 332 00:23:17,593 --> 00:23:20,917 We have the power. We have the tolerance. 333 00:23:20,952 --> 00:23:23,397 We can go in front of a TV camera, we can go on the air 334 00:23:23,432 --> 00:23:26,632 and we can say with definition that Hitler was wrong, Rockwell is wrong, 335 00:23:26,667 --> 00:23:28,597 people who hate Negroes are wrong. 336 00:23:28,632 --> 00:23:31,798 We can get up there and shout it to the world, Pete! 337 00:23:31,833 --> 00:23:38,513 But I was wrong, yeah, yeah, yeah 338 00:23:38,548 --> 00:23:41,112 339 00:23:41,147 --> 00:23:43,589 340 00:23:43,624 --> 00:23:45,997 341 00:23:46,032 --> 00:23:49,593 I spent years with the Hollies perfecting the pop song. 342 00:23:49,628 --> 00:23:52,477 343 00:23:52,512 --> 00:23:54,477 Frivolous is not the right word, 344 00:23:54,512 --> 00:23:58,713 but certainly a little shallower than the stuff I was feeling personally. 345 00:23:58,748 --> 00:24:00,677 346 00:24:00,712 --> 00:24:02,197 347 00:24:02,232 --> 00:24:06,473 So, at one point, the Hollies were not wanting to do my stuff - 348 00:24:06,508 --> 00:24:10,397 I'm talking about Marrakesh Express, Teach Your Children, 349 00:24:10,432 --> 00:24:13,872 Lady Of The Island, the first Sleep Song - and it kinda made me feel bad, 350 00:24:13,907 --> 00:24:16,913 because I thought they were decent songs. 351 00:24:18,912 --> 00:24:21,438 At the beginning of 1968, 352 00:24:21,473 --> 00:24:26,472 Graham Nash was a highly successful but thoroughly discontent Mancunian pop star. 353 00:24:27,552 --> 00:24:29,917 By the end of the year, 354 00:24:29,952 --> 00:24:35,952 he'd joined Joni Mitchell, David Crosby and Stephen Stills on the musical trail to LA. 355 00:24:35,987 --> 00:24:40,513 on the Marrakesh Express...? 356 00:24:40,548 --> 00:24:43,752 Stephen is at loose ends after Buffalo Springfield. 357 00:24:43,787 --> 00:24:47,150 David has been thrown out of the Byrds. 358 00:24:47,185 --> 00:24:50,469 He and Stephen tried to cut some songs. 359 00:24:50,504 --> 00:24:53,753 Graham, as it turns out, meets up with Joni 360 00:24:53,788 --> 00:24:56,918 while he's on tour with the Hollies. 361 00:24:56,953 --> 00:25:02,917 in your hair... 362 00:25:02,952 --> 00:25:04,673 Joni and I spent the night together in Ottawa 363 00:25:04,708 --> 00:25:07,432 and I fell completely in love. 364 00:25:08,153 --> 00:25:12,713 Listening to his high harmonies on the Hollies records, David and Stephen 365 00:25:12,748 --> 00:25:14,677 have conspired to kidnap him. 366 00:25:14,712 --> 00:25:18,477 "That's just the thing we need!" 367 00:25:18,512 --> 00:25:22,512 David shows up at a Hollies show in England. 368 00:25:22,547 --> 00:25:27,478 Crosby came, with his cape and his cane and his attitude. 369 00:25:27,513 --> 00:25:32,712 "Hmm. Having a hard time with all these drinking guys who don't wanna cut Marrakesh Express." 370 00:25:32,747 --> 00:25:35,037 He had the best drugs. He had the best grass. 371 00:25:35,072 --> 00:25:37,713 He had the prettiest women, who were always naked. 372 00:25:37,748 --> 00:25:41,592 373 00:25:41,627 --> 00:25:43,038 Crosby said, 374 00:25:43,073 --> 00:25:46,473 "They're crazy. We'll record it. Come on over." 375 00:25:46,508 --> 00:25:54,757 376 00:25:54,792 --> 00:26:00,712 If Nash had any doubts, they were banished after a musical gathering in the Hollywood Hills. 377 00:26:03,153 --> 00:26:06,633 My memory is that we were in Joni's living room 378 00:26:06,668 --> 00:26:10,113 and David said, "Hey, Stephen, play that song." 379 00:26:10,148 --> 00:26:13,952 And it was, um... You Don't Have To Cry. 380 00:26:13,987 --> 00:26:16,237 381 00:26:16,272 --> 00:26:19,077 382 00:26:19,112 --> 00:26:21,993 And he said, "Sing it again. That's fabulous!" 383 00:26:22,028 --> 00:26:23,997 384 00:26:24,032 --> 00:26:28,473 "OK, one more time. Just sing it one more time." 385 00:26:28,508 --> 00:26:30,278 386 00:26:30,313 --> 00:26:34,152 The third time, I put my harmony in there and my world changed. 387 00:26:34,187 --> 00:26:37,878 388 00:26:37,913 --> 00:26:40,752 Stephen and I both had the same thought, which rarely happens. 389 00:26:40,787 --> 00:26:44,478 We both thought, "Oh! We know what we're gonna be doing." 390 00:26:44,513 --> 00:26:49,917 I heard that sound and that's what I wanted. I wanted that sound. 391 00:26:49,952 --> 00:26:54,912 And I left everything. I left the Hollies, I left my band, I left my family and I went to America. 392 00:26:54,947 --> 00:26:57,678 393 00:26:57,713 --> 00:27:00,917 394 00:27:00,952 --> 00:27:04,712 Graham Nash was the latest addition to a communal Who's Who of LA music 395 00:27:04,747 --> 00:27:08,672 that had made its home in the most tranquil of city settings. 396 00:27:11,753 --> 00:27:16,438 Los Angeles is unusual in that it has a mountain range running through it. 397 00:27:16,473 --> 00:27:21,953 There are several canyons that slice through it in a more or less north to southerly trace. 398 00:27:21,988 --> 00:27:26,193 Laurel Canyon was settled at the turn of the 20th century - 399 00:27:26,228 --> 00:27:29,637 in the early 1900s - by land speculators. 400 00:27:29,672 --> 00:27:34,073 It was a place where, mostly, people would come to hunt on the weekends - 401 00:27:34,108 --> 00:27:37,912 a bucolic canyon in the middle of this unsparing urban environment. 402 00:27:41,472 --> 00:27:46,673 Since the 1920s, Los Angeles had traded on the contrasting allure of sun and surf by day 403 00:27:46,708 --> 00:27:49,518 and Hollywood glitz by night. 404 00:27:49,553 --> 00:27:53,317 But the spiritual Shangri-La for a generation 405 00:27:53,352 --> 00:27:57,478 collectively committed to going back to the garden 406 00:27:57,513 --> 00:28:02,033 was Laurel Canyon, a rural paradise nestled right behind Sunset Strip. 407 00:28:04,233 --> 00:28:06,132 408 00:28:06,167 --> 00:28:07,997 I lived across the street 409 00:28:08,032 --> 00:28:10,312 from Mark Volman of the Turtles. 410 00:28:10,347 --> 00:28:12,477 On my street alone 411 00:28:12,512 --> 00:28:17,832 was Mama Cass, Henry Diltz, Joni Mitchell, Carl Wilson. 412 00:28:17,867 --> 00:28:20,489 Jim Morrison right up the hill. 413 00:28:20,524 --> 00:28:22,838 414 00:28:22,873 --> 00:28:25,118 Tim Hardin was living there. 415 00:28:25,153 --> 00:28:28,953 There was Frank Zappa and the Mothers. There was Frazier Mohawk. 416 00:28:28,988 --> 00:28:31,038 Stephen Stills, David Crosby. 417 00:28:31,073 --> 00:28:35,433 I'd been living there since the Byrds. Jackson Browne. 418 00:28:35,468 --> 00:28:36,272 Micky Dolenz lived round the corner. 419 00:28:36,307 --> 00:28:38,833 420 00:28:38,868 --> 00:28:40,398 Tim Buckley 421 00:28:40,433 --> 00:28:43,358 and Larry Beckett lived somewhere else, 422 00:28:43,393 --> 00:28:46,373 but they were at our house really, really a lot. 423 00:28:46,408 --> 00:28:49,318 Eric Burdon was living in the canyon. 424 00:28:49,353 --> 00:28:53,273 The Doors had a place in canyon. John Mayall lived in the canyon. 425 00:28:53,308 --> 00:28:55,478 Crazy Horse had a house in the canyon. 426 00:28:55,513 --> 00:29:00,953 The late, great record producer Paul Rothschild had a house in the canyon, 427 00:29:00,988 --> 00:29:05,913 with the late Fritz Richmond, who was the jug player... 428 00:29:05,948 --> 00:29:07,917 429 00:29:07,952 --> 00:29:10,353 430 00:29:10,388 --> 00:29:12,850 431 00:29:12,885 --> 00:29:15,277 432 00:29:15,312 --> 00:29:21,472 Graham Nash found himself in the midst of an extraordinary community of songwriters. 433 00:29:21,507 --> 00:29:25,489 But his alliance with David Crosby and Stephen Stills was hampered 434 00:29:25,524 --> 00:29:29,472 by a series of contracts binding all three to their previous bands. 435 00:29:29,507 --> 00:29:32,389 They needed professional help. 436 00:29:32,424 --> 00:29:35,237 We knew that we needed a manager, 437 00:29:35,272 --> 00:29:40,832 and we thought we had met one that was intelligent, that we liked, in Elliot Roberts. 438 00:29:40,867 --> 00:29:43,958 He was already managing Joni, and we liked him. 439 00:29:43,993 --> 00:29:47,272 But we also knew that we were going into the big leagues, 440 00:29:47,307 --> 00:29:50,470 and, essentially, the big leagues are a shark pool, 441 00:29:50,505 --> 00:29:53,598 so we thought it would be good if we had our own shark. 442 00:29:53,633 --> 00:29:58,992 I think I liked music. Whatever strikes me as being good is something that I wanna record. 443 00:29:59,027 --> 00:30:02,958 I don't think that every record we make is a hit, 444 00:30:02,993 --> 00:30:05,333 or that every artist that we record is going to be a star, 445 00:30:05,368 --> 00:30:07,673 but I think that all the music we put out is very valid. 446 00:30:16,473 --> 00:30:19,632 First of all, I had no contracts with my clients. 447 00:30:19,667 --> 00:30:21,718 They could all leave at any time. 448 00:30:21,753 --> 00:30:24,633 As it happens, none of them ever left. 449 00:30:29,992 --> 00:30:35,233 It was my job to stand like a dam against the river of shit that was coming down on these people, 450 00:30:35,268 --> 00:30:37,518 and that was a difficult job. 451 00:30:37,553 --> 00:30:40,993 I don't think THEY had a sense of how difficult it was, 452 00:30:41,028 --> 00:30:44,437 but I certainly did and, given how young we were, 453 00:30:44,472 --> 00:30:47,673 how inexperienced we were, I think we did a pretty great job. 454 00:30:59,392 --> 00:31:05,593 David Geffen and Elliot Roberts set up shop on Sunset Strip in 1969, 455 00:31:05,628 --> 00:31:08,630 and set about challenging the balance of power 456 00:31:08,665 --> 00:31:11,598 in LA's increasingly outdated music industry. 457 00:31:11,633 --> 00:31:15,513 Most of the business was still centred in New York, 458 00:31:15,548 --> 00:31:19,597 so...we had an advantage over the people 459 00:31:19,632 --> 00:31:22,512 who were surfing and smoking a lot of pot out here. 460 00:31:22,547 --> 00:31:26,993 Our metabolisms ran at a much higher speed. 461 00:31:30,233 --> 00:31:33,917 New York's Tin Pan Alley and Brill Building - 462 00:31:33,952 --> 00:31:40,473 songwriting factories churning out hits for artists considered disposable by their record labels - 463 00:31:40,508 --> 00:31:43,170 had dominated the industry for decades. 464 00:31:43,205 --> 00:31:45,798 Geffen and Roberts had a different model, 465 00:31:45,833 --> 00:31:49,878 in which the artist was the centre of the musical world. 466 00:31:49,913 --> 00:31:56,032 There were deals for artists with the record companies that were, you know, horrible, 467 00:31:56,067 --> 00:31:59,958 and David and Elliot, in particular, changed the dynamic. 468 00:31:59,993 --> 00:32:04,192 Up until then, the artists were getting screwed in a profound way. 469 00:32:04,227 --> 00:32:08,392 After them, they only got screwed in a less-than-profound way. 470 00:32:11,033 --> 00:32:16,398 In 1969, David Geffen set about negotiations 471 00:32:16,433 --> 00:32:20,633 to release David Crosby, Graham Nash and Stephen Stills from their previous commitments, 472 00:32:20,668 --> 00:32:25,192 and allow them to begin work on their eagerly anticipated first album. 473 00:32:25,227 --> 00:32:28,117 He's a rapacious businessman. 474 00:32:28,152 --> 00:32:31,752 Once you give him something to work with, 475 00:32:31,787 --> 00:32:35,318 he will, you know, tear it up, and he did. 476 00:32:35,353 --> 00:32:39,273 Elliot and I were baby doctors helping them deliver their baby, 477 00:32:39,308 --> 00:32:40,998 but it was about them. 478 00:32:41,033 --> 00:32:43,078 They were genuinely exciting. 479 00:32:43,113 --> 00:32:46,117 When you heard them sing, you were blown away. 480 00:32:46,152 --> 00:32:50,513 When Stephen wrote Suite - Judy Blue Eyes, about Judy Collins, 481 00:32:50,548 --> 00:32:53,433 who he was having a relationship with at the time, 482 00:32:53,468 --> 00:32:56,032 and you heard them sing that song, 483 00:32:56,067 --> 00:32:59,989 it was awesome. 484 00:33:00,024 --> 00:33:03,912 485 00:33:06,432 --> 00:33:09,672 486 00:33:12,992 --> 00:33:16,192 487 00:33:17,673 --> 00:33:19,733 They had wonderful songs, 488 00:33:19,768 --> 00:33:21,758 exquisitely roving melodies, 489 00:33:21,793 --> 00:33:24,593 and the simplest of arrangements. 490 00:33:24,628 --> 00:33:27,152 The whole thing was so pure. 491 00:33:27,187 --> 00:33:29,569 And it sang. 492 00:33:29,604 --> 00:33:31,917 And it worked. 493 00:33:31,952 --> 00:33:33,033 And it touched your heart. 494 00:33:36,633 --> 00:33:39,478 Just like their LA predecessors, 495 00:33:39,513 --> 00:33:42,318 the Beach Boys and the Mamas And Papas, 496 00:33:42,353 --> 00:33:45,552 Crosby, Stills And Nash were a harmony group, 497 00:33:45,587 --> 00:33:48,277 but they encapsulated a new spirit - 498 00:33:48,312 --> 00:33:52,957 the laid-back acoustic sound of Laurel Canyon. 499 00:33:52,992 --> 00:33:56,352 We wanted to engage the listener and put the listener on a journey 500 00:33:56,387 --> 00:33:59,369 where you smoked a big one, took the shrink-wrap off, 501 00:33:59,404 --> 00:34:02,352 put the record on the record player, and you were gone! 502 00:34:02,387 --> 00:34:09,873 503 00:34:11,313 --> 00:34:17,712 504 00:34:20,553 --> 00:34:26,597 People say, "I don't know how many hours I stared at that picture." 505 00:34:26,632 --> 00:34:32,753 I had a musician from England say, "We used to sit and look at that Crosby, Stills And Nash cover 506 00:34:32,788 --> 00:34:35,910 "and say, 'What is it like to be there in California?' 507 00:34:35,945 --> 00:34:39,033 "and just stared at that thing while the music played." 508 00:34:39,068 --> 00:34:42,997 underneath... 509 00:34:43,032 --> 00:34:47,472 The '60s counterculture had been dominated by the strident psychedelia 510 00:34:47,507 --> 00:34:51,197 of acts like Jimi Hendrix, Cream and the Grateful Dead, 511 00:34:51,232 --> 00:34:56,993 but LA had produced a new sound that was both commercial and politically credible. 512 00:34:59,472 --> 00:35:02,793 FM radio, which was our path to the marketplace, 513 00:35:02,828 --> 00:35:05,878 was all hard-ass rock'n'roll, you know, 514 00:35:05,913 --> 00:35:10,953 and then along came acoustic guitars and three harmonies, 515 00:35:10,988 --> 00:35:13,490 and it just changed everything. 516 00:35:13,525 --> 00:35:15,958 Da-de-dum-de-dum... 517 00:35:15,993 --> 00:35:20,153 They had a hit album, a formidable manager 518 00:35:20,188 --> 00:35:22,757 and were planning a live tour, 519 00:35:22,792 --> 00:35:26,472 but Crosby, Stills And Nash also had a problem. 520 00:35:27,233 --> 00:35:32,153 Stephen played both guitar and keyboard on the record, and you can't do that on stage. 521 00:35:32,188 --> 00:35:36,078 Stephen talked to Ahmet Ertegun, who owned Atlantic Records at the time, 522 00:35:36,113 --> 00:35:42,473 a dear friend and a great supporter of Crosby, Stills And Nash, and he said, "Why don't you talk to Neil?" 523 00:35:42,508 --> 00:35:45,490 524 00:35:45,525 --> 00:35:48,473 525 00:35:48,508 --> 00:35:49,752 526 00:35:51,592 --> 00:35:55,392 Less than a year after the collapse of Buffalo Springfield, 527 00:35:55,427 --> 00:35:59,158 Neil Young had already begun to make his mark as a solo artist. 528 00:35:59,193 --> 00:36:06,513 Now he was the fourth front man in a supergroup overflowing with individual talent. 529 00:36:08,952 --> 00:36:10,917 Even then, 530 00:36:10,952 --> 00:36:12,957 Neil was powerful. 531 00:36:12,992 --> 00:36:17,313 You weren't sure if you wanted to be competing with that power or co-operating with it. 532 00:36:17,348 --> 00:36:20,112 533 00:36:22,593 --> 00:36:27,113 It was inevitable that that band would be as big as it turned out to be. 534 00:36:27,148 --> 00:36:28,797 No question about it. 535 00:36:28,832 --> 00:36:34,553 And it was also inevitable when Neil joined the group 536 00:36:34,588 --> 00:36:37,512 and it became Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young, 537 00:36:37,547 --> 00:36:40,149 that, inherent in that greatness, 538 00:36:40,184 --> 00:36:42,717 was the seeds of its destruction. 539 00:36:42,752 --> 00:36:47,612 for a while... 540 00:36:47,647 --> 00:36:52,473 Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young's mutual ambition 541 00:36:52,508 --> 00:36:55,078 had brought them fame and fortune, 542 00:36:55,113 --> 00:36:59,652 but over the next ten years, their early potential would be squandered 543 00:36:59,687 --> 00:37:04,157 amid clashing egos, drug addiction and the trappings of celebrity, 544 00:37:04,192 --> 00:37:10,992 and as the collective spirit of the '60s gave way to an age that would come to be known as the Me Decade, 545 00:37:11,027 --> 00:37:14,912 LA's solo singer-songwriters found their voice. 546 00:37:35,993 --> 00:37:37,918 When listening to music, 547 00:37:37,953 --> 00:37:41,832 look at the social forces that surrounded it when it came out. 548 00:37:44,472 --> 00:37:46,352 Look at what happened that year. 549 00:37:50,152 --> 00:37:53,557 In the summer of 1969, there was a genuine feeling 550 00:37:53,592 --> 00:37:58,512 that the collective values of the Woodstock generation might change the world. 551 00:37:58,547 --> 00:38:02,592 By the end of the year, that optimism would be all but shattered. 552 00:38:04,392 --> 00:38:07,512 The assassinations of Martin Luther King 553 00:38:07,547 --> 00:38:10,918 and Robert F Kennedy 554 00:38:10,953 --> 00:38:12,832 so shook our world in America... 555 00:38:14,952 --> 00:38:17,958 ..but in '69... 556 00:38:17,993 --> 00:38:22,072 Charles Manson visited Los Angeles, 557 00:38:22,107 --> 00:38:26,117 and that changed the entirety for ever. 558 00:38:26,152 --> 00:38:31,712 at the edge of town 559 00:38:32,952 --> 00:38:37,518 cos we don't come around... 560 00:38:37,553 --> 00:38:42,233 'The Manson family has become the most notorious of hippy groups... 561 00:38:42,268 --> 00:38:45,798 'It is said they were a pseudo-religious cult. 562 00:38:45,833 --> 00:38:49,752 'People who worked on the ranch said they were heavy users of drugs.' 563 00:38:49,787 --> 00:38:52,872 We went horseback riding out there at that farm. 564 00:38:52,907 --> 00:38:54,913 We knew some of the people. 565 00:38:56,953 --> 00:38:58,957 It was just terrifying. 566 00:38:58,992 --> 00:39:02,072 'Among his followers, members of the family, 567 00:39:02,107 --> 00:39:04,473 'Manson is regarded as a saint. 568 00:39:04,508 --> 00:39:05,478 'Many call him Jesus.' 569 00:39:05,513 --> 00:39:09,993 It was the commune gone wrong, wasn't it?